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Disulfide bonds
are rarely found in intracellular proteins, but
genomic data from hyperthermophilic Archaea contradicted
this well established observation from
many model organisms. Intracellular proteins of
hyperthermophilic Archaea, especially the Crenarchaea
P. aerophilum and A. pernix, are rich in disulfide
bonds, implicating disulfide bonding in stabilization
of many thermostable proteins (Mallick et al., 2002).

The publication of the first archaeal genome sequence in 1996 more than doubled the number of known
archaeal genes and provided many answers with respect to the molecular basis of origin and diversification
of cellular life.

Although medical applications played a central role in microbial genomics from the very beginning,
it soon became clear that whole genome sequences were also of great interest from organisms with
environmental, energy production, and phylogenetic relevance.